APPENDIX I
Morphological characters used in the present study.  Multistate characters are considered unordered unless otherwise noted.  Character polarity based on outgroup comparison: see text for explanation.  Scoring: 0 = primitive state; 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 = derived character states.
1. Skull shape: 0, oreinirostral; 1, elongate and platyrostral, with obtuse triangular paracoronal cross-section; 2, shortened and platyrostral, with acute triangular paracoronal cross-section. UO
2. Premaxillary teeth: 0, present; 1, absent, presumably covered with a rhamphotheca.  (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
3. Number of premaxillary teeth: 0, four; 1, three; 2, five; 3, seven; 4, six. UO
4. Premaxillary symphyseal region: 0, V-shaped in ventral view; 1, U-shaped in ventral view; 2, Y-shaped in ventral view. UO (HOLTZ, 1994)
5. Premaxilla subnarial depth: 0, shallow to moderately deep, main body as long or longer rostrocaudally than high dorsoventrally; 1, very deep, main body taller dorsoventrally than long rostrocaudally. (HOLTZ, 1994)
6. Premaxilla shape: 0, short and rounded, with short nasal process; 1, long and pointed, with long nasal process. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
7. Medial alae from premaxilla: 0, absent or separate; 1, meet in front of vomers. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
8. Maxillary process of premaxilla: 0, moderately long, premaxilla participates broadly in ventral surface of external naris; 1, reduced, maxilla participates broadly in ventral surface of external naris; 2, extremely long, extends caudally from the caudal margin of the external naris for a distance greater than the rostrocaudal length of the external naris. UO
9. External nares: 0, without marked inset of the caudal margin; 1, with marked inset of the caudal margin. (SERENO et al., 1994)
10. Premaxilla/nasal contact: 0, premaxilla and nasal meet subnarially; 1, premaxilla and nasal do not meet subnarially.
11. Subnarial gap: 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
12. Maxillary teeth: 0, present; 1, absent.
13. Rostral ramus of maxilla: 0, absent, rostrodorsal surface of maxilla forms convex surface from dorsal ramus to ventral margin; 1, present, dramatic change in curvature of rostrodorsal surface of maxilla rostral to dorsal ramus forming concave surface.
14. Rostral ramus size: 0, absent; 1, shorter rostrocaudally than dorsoventrally; 2, as long or longer rostrocaudally as dorsoventrally. UO (SERENO et al., 1996)
15. Maxillary antorbital fossa: 0, approximately 10-25% of the rostrocaudal length of the antorbital cavity; 1, greater than 40% of the rostrocaudal length of the antorbital cavity; 2, greatly reduced in size, not extending much beyond the rim of the external antorbital fenestra. (SERENO et al, 1994)
16. Promaxillary fenestra: 0, absent; 1, present, visible in lateral view; 2, present, obscured in lateral view by ascending ramus of maxilla; 3, small depression in same anatomical position which does not perforate the maxilla. UO (HOLTZ, 1994)
17. Maxillary fenestra: 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
18. Maxillary fenestra shape: 0, round; 1, long and low. (WITMER, 1997)
19. Position of the maxillary and promaxillary fenestrae: 0, promaxillary rostral to maxillary; 1, promaxillary dorsal to maxillary. (WITMER, 1997)
20. Relative size of promaxillary and maxillary fenestrae: 0, maxillary fenestra larger; 1, promaxillary fenestra larger. (WITMER, 1997)
21. Pneumatic excavation of the ascending ramus of the maxilla:  0, absent; 1, present.  (SERENO et al., 1996)
22. Pneumatic excavation without fenestra in cranial portion of maxillary antorbital fossa: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1998)
23. Nasal antorbital fossa: 0, lateral surface of nasal excluded from antorbital cavity; 1, lateral surface of nasal participates in antorbital cavity, forming a nasal antorbital fossa.  (WITMER, 1997)
24. Nasal participation in antorbital cavity: 0, nasal excluded from antorbital cavity; 1, nasal participates in antorbital cavity.
25. Nasal expansion behind external nares: 0, broadly expanded; 1, narrow caudally. (HOLTZ, 1994)
26. Narial prominences: 0, absent; 1, median horn or crest; 2, paired ridges along lateral edges of nasals; 3, knobby rugosities across dorsal and lateral surface of nasals, extending onto dorsalmost surface of maxillae; 4, “bark-like” rugosities, including concave pits separated by crests. UO (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
27. Paired crescentic crests formed by nasal and lacrimal prominences:  0, absent; 1, present. (ROWE, 1989)
28. Nasal fusion: 0, absent, nasals separate; 1, present, nasals fused together.
29. Nasal recesses: 0, absent; 1, present. (WITMER, 1997)
30. Lacrimal: 0, not exposed on skull roof; 1, broadly exposed on skull roof. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
31. Lacrimal prominence: 0, absent; 1, triangular hornlets; 2, ridge continuous with raised surface of lateral edge of nasals.
32. Lacrimal caudal process at dorsal surface: 0, absent, lacrimal L-shaped or simple shaft; 1, present, lacrimal T-shaped.  (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
33. Lacrimal recess: 0, absent; 1, single opening present; 2, multiple openings present. O (WITMER, 1997)
34. Slot in ventral process of lacrimal for jugal: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1996)
35. Lacrimal dorsal (= rostral) ramus: 0, dorsoventrally thick; 1, dorsoventrally pinched and narrow; 2, absent. O (SERENO et al., 1996)
36. Lacrimal suborbital bar: 0, absent; 1, present. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
37. Prefrontals: 0, well exposed on skull roof; 1, reduced or absent. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
38. Prefrontal-frontal peg-in-socket suture: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1994)
39. Rostral portion of frontals: 0, relatively square, suture with nasals forms a relatively obtuse angle or W; 1, triangular, suture with nasals form a distinctly acute angle. (HOLTZ, 1994)
40. Frontal shape: 0, narrow or truncated rostrally, postorbital ramus projects laterally from orbital margin of frontal; 1, very broadly exposed on skull roof, postorbital ramus does not project abruptly laterally from the orbital margin. (HOLTZ, 1994)
41. Frontal-frontal suture: 0, unfused; 1, fused.
42. Frontal-parietal suture on dorsal surface of skull: 0, forms a relatively straight line transversely; 1, frontals separated at medialmost point of suture by rostral process of parietals; 2, frontals and parietals fused, suture indistinguishable. UO
43. Dorsal surface of parietals: 0, flat, ridge borders supratemporal fenestra; 1, sagittal crest along midline.
44. Orbit length: 0, subequal to or longer than internal antorbital fenestra length; 1, shorter than internal antorbital fenestra length.
45. Orbit shape:  0, round; 1, oval or key-shaped, rounded dorsally, constricted ventrally. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
46. Orbit margin: 0, smooth; 1, raised rim. (HOLTZ, 1994)
47. Postorbital prominences: 0, absent; 1, present. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
48. Postorbital ventral process: 0, broader rostrocaudally than transversely; 1, broader transversely than rostrocaudally with U-shaped cross-section. (SERENO et al., 1996)
49. Postorbital ventral process ventralmost extension: 0, dorsal to ventral margin of orbit; 1, ventral to ventral margin of orbit. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
50. Postorbital-lacrimal contact: 0, postorbital does not contact lacrimal; 1, broad.
51. Postorbital-jugal contact: 0, present; 1, absent. (CHIAPPE, NORELL & CLARK, 1998)
52. Postorbital bulbous rostrally projecting rugosity: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1996)
53. Postorbital suborbital flange: 0, absent; 1, present.
54. Postorbital frontal process: 0, sharply upturned; 1, about same level or slightly higher than squamosal process, producing T-shaped postorbital. (CURRIE, 1995)
55. Squamosal recess: 0, absent; 1, present. (WITMER, 1997)
56. Squamosal flange covering quadrate head in lateral view; 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1994)
57. Squamosal constriction of lateral temporal fenestra: 0, absent; 1, present. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
58. Jugal: 0, does not participate in margin of internal antorbital fenestra; 1, participates in internal antorbital fenestra. (HOLTZ, 1994)
59. Jugal postorbital process: 0, present; 1, absent. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
60. Jugal quadratojugal processes caudalmost extensions: 0, dorsal and ventral processes subequal in caudalmost extension; 1, dorsal extends further caudally; 2, ventral extends further caudally. UO. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
61. Jugal recesses: 0, absent; 1, present. (WITMER, 1997)
62. Infratemporal fenestra: 0, subequal or less in area of orbit in lateral view; 1, about twice as large as the area of the orbit in lateral view. (HOLTZ, 1994)
63. Quadratojugal: 0, L-shaped; 1, T-shaped. (CURRIE, 1995)
64. Quadratojugal-squamosal contact: 0, tip of dorsal ramus of quadratojugal contacts tip of lateroventral ramus of squamosal; 1, dorsal ramus of quadratojugal does not contact squamosal; 2, broad contact between dorsal ramus of quadratojugal and lateroventral ramus of squamosal. UO
65. Articulations of quadrate and squamosal: 0, quadrate articulates only with squamosal and the latter bone contacting both the quadratojugal and postorbital; 1, quadrate articulates with both prootic and squamosal, and the latter contacting neither the quadratojugal nor the postorbital. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
66. Quadrate-quadratojugal suture: 0, unfused; 1, fused.
67. Quadrate foramen: 0, large and situated between quadrate and quadratojugal; 1, reduced or absent; 2, small and enclosed within dorsal ramus of quadrate. UO
68. Quadrate dorsal ramus: 0, less than height of orbit; 1, greater than height of orbit.
69. Depth of quadrate articulation: 0, level with ventral surface of maxilla in lateral view; 1, projects well ventral of the ventral surface of the maxilla. (HOLTZ, 1994)
70. Length of quadrate articulation: 0, only slightly caudal to the caudal point of occipital condyle in dorsal view; 1, projects well caudal to the caudal point of the occipital condyle; 2, rostral to caudal point of occipital condyle. UO
71. Quadrate pneumaticity: 0, absent or poorly developed; 1 well developed.
72. Secondary palate: 0, primarily soft; 1, well ossified from premaxilla through one-half the length of the ventral surface of the maxilla.
73. Vomera: 0, separate rostrally; 1, fused rostrally. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
74. Vomer length: 0, limited to rostral region; 1, extends caudally to basicranium. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
75. Palatines meet medially: 0, absent, separated by vomera and/or pterygoids; 1, present. (HARRIS, 1998)
76. Palatine shape: 0, subrectangular or trapezoidal; 1, tetraradiate; 2, triradiate (no jugal processes). UO (HARRIS, 1998)
77. Jugal process of palatine expanded distally: 0, absent; 1, present. (HARRIS, 1998).
78. Palatine recesses: 0, absent; 1, present. (WITMER, 1997)
79. Palatine fenestra (between ectopterygoid and palatine): 0, open; 1, closed. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
80. Subsidiary fenestra between pterygoid and palatine: 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
81. Ventral ectopterygoid recess: 0, absent; 1, present and comma-shaped; 2, present and subcircular. UO (SERENO et al., 1996)
82. Endocranial cavity: 0, typical size of other bipedal dinosaurs; 1, enlarged relative to other dinosaurs, but temporal musculature extends origin onto frontals; 2, greatly enlarged, temporal musculature fails to extend origin onto frontals. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
83. Nuchal crest: 0, small or absent; 1, pronounced. (HOLTZ, 1994)
84. Supraoccipital with very pronounced, strongly demarcated median ridge: 0, absent; 1, present.
85. Orbitosphenoid: 0, present; 1, absent. (HOLTZ, 1994)
86. Paroccipital process pneumatization: 0, solid proximal portion; 1, hollow proximal portion.
87. Paroccipital process orientation: 0, occipital surface of distal end oriented more caudally than dorsally; 1, conspicuous twist in the distal end orients distal surface more dorsally than proximal region; 2, curving ventrally and pendant. UO (CURRIE, 1995)
88. Basicranium pneumatization: 0, minimal to moderate, but no expansion of basisphenoid; 1, basisphenoid, but not parasphenoid rostrum, strongly expanded and pneumatized. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
89. Lateral depression surrounding opening to middle ear: 0, absent; 1, present. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
90. Number of tympanic recesses: 0, two or fewer; 1, three. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
91. Branches of internal carotid artery entering hypoglosseal fossa: 0, enter separately; 1, enter through single common foramen. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
92. Posttympanic recess: 0, invades paroccipital process; 1, confined to columnar process. (MAKOVICKY & NORELL, 1998)
93. Cranial tympanic recess: 0, excluded from basisphenoid; 1, invades basisphenoid. (MAKOVICKY & NORELL, 1998)
94. Internal foramen of facial nerve: 0, ventral to vestiblocochlear nerve; 1, cranioventral to vestiblocochlear nerve. (MAKOVICKY & NORELL, 1998)
95. Number of cranial nerve openings in acoustic fossa: 0, two; 1, three. (MAKOVICKY & NORELL, 1998)
96. Basioccipital: 0, not excluded from basal tuber; 1, excluded from basal tuber. (SERENO et al., 1996)
97. Distance across basal tubera: 0, greater than transverse width of occipital condyle; 1, less than the transverse width of occipital condyle.
98. Parabasisphenoid bulbous capsule: 0, absent; 1, present. (HOLTZ, 1994)
99. Exoccipital-opisthonic caudoventral limit of contact with basisphenoid separated from basal tubera by notch: 0, absent; 1, present. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
100. Basipterygoid processes: 0, moderately long, not fused to pterygoids; 1, very short, not fused to pterygoids; 2, very short, fused to pterygoids. UO (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
101. Occipital region: 0, directed caudally; 1, directed ventrocaudally. (HOLTZ, 1994)
102. Foramen magnum dimensions: 0, subcircular or wider than tall; 1, taller than wide. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
103. Occipital condyle constricted neck: 0, absent; 1, present. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
104. Dentary teeth: 0, present; 1, absent.
105. Dentary end: 0, rounded; 1, squared with expanded tip. (SERENO et al., 1996)
106. Dentary symphysis: 0, dentaries separate; 1, dentaries fused.
107. Symphyseal region of dentary: 0, straight; 1, medially recurved. (CLARK, PERLE & NORELL, 1994)
108. Rostral half of mandible: 0, ventrally convex or straight; 1, concave. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
109. Dentary rami: 0, subparallel; 1, widely divergent caudally. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
110. Reduced overlap of dentary onto postdentary bones: 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
111. Intramandibular joint: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO & NOVAS, 1992)
112. Dentary caudal depth: 0, subequal to 120% depth of dentary symphysis; 1, 150-200% depth of dentary symphysis; 2, greater than 220% depth of dentary symphysis.
113. Rostral surangular foramen: 0, absent or very small pit; 1, larger, in rostrally-oriented depression.
114. Caudal surangular foramen: 0, small pit; 1, large opening. (HOLTZ, 1994)
115. Rostral ramus of surangular: 0, shallow; 1, deep. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
116. Horizontal shelf on lateral surface of surangular, rostral and ventral to the mandibular condyle: 0, absent or faint ridge; 1, prominent and extends laterally; 2, prominent and pendant. UO
117. Rostral prong of angular: 0, does not penetrate the dentary-splenial cavity; 1, penetrates the dentary-splenial cavity. (BAKKER, WILLIAMS & CURRIE, 1988)
118. External mandibular fenestra: 0, large, horizontally oval; 1, reduced. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
119. Splenial: 0, obscured or only slightly visible in lateral view; 1, extensive triangular exposure in lateral view between dentary and angular. (CURRIE, 1995)
120. Splenial with notch on rostral margin of internal mandibular fenestra: 0, absent ; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1996)
121. Coronoid: 0, present; 1, extremely reduced or absent. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
122. Articular facet for mandibular joint: 0, deeply concave; 1, craniocaudally elongate and shallow. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
123. Retroarticular process of articular: 0, faces dorsocaudally; 1, faces caudally. (SERENO et al., 1994)
124. Retroarticular process shape: 0, short and deep; 1, elongated and tapering. (CURRIE, GODFREY & NESSOV, 1993)
125. Vertical columnar process on retroarticular process: 0, absent; 1, present. (CURRIE, 1995)
126. Number of teeth: 0, less than 100; 1, greater than 100. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1994)
127. Dentary and maxillary teeth: 0, subequal in number and size; 1, dentary teeth more numerous and smaller than maxillary teeth. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
128. Serrations: 0, small serrations; 1, large denticles; 2, absent. UO
129. Relative serration (or denticle) size of anterior and posterior carinae of maxillary and dentary teeth: 0, subequal; 1, posterior serrations much larger than anterior serrations.
130. Tooth roots: 0, unconstricted; 1, constricted.
131. Lateral surface of teeth: 0, smooth; 1, with wrinkles in enamel internal to serrations. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
132. Premaxillary tooth crowns: 0, conical; 1, asymmetrical (strongly convex labially, relatively flattened lingually); 2, incisiform and reduced in size. UO
133. Caudalmost maxillary tooth position: 0, beneath midpoint of orbit; 1, rostral to orbit. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
134. Dentary tooth implantation: 0, set in sockets; 1, set in paradental groove. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
135. Interdental plates: 0, present and separate; 1, fused together; 2, absent in dentary. UO
136. Neck length: 0, less than twice the length of skull; 1, twice or more the length of skull.
137. First intercentrum: 0, small occipital fossa (three times as wide as tall) and large odontoid notch; 1, large occipital fossa (two or less times as wide as tall) and small odontoid notch. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
138. Second intercentrum cranial articulation with first intercentrum: 0, slight concavity; 1, broad crescentic fossa. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
139. Axial “spine table” (expanded distal end of neural spine): 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
140. Axial neural spine shape: 0, flared transversely; 1, compressed mediolaterally. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
141. Craniodorsal rim of axial neural spine: 0, concave in lateral view; 1, convex curve in lateral view. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
142. Axial parapophyses: 0, prominent; 1, reduced. (ROWE, 1989)
143. Axial diapophyses: 0, present; 1, absent. (ROWE, 1989)
144. Axial epipophyses: 0, moderately developed; 1, prominent. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
145. Axial pleurocoels: 0, present; 1, absent. (ROWE, 1989)
146. Ventral keel on axial centrum: 0, present; 1, absent. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
147. Cervical centra surfaces: 0, amphiplatyan or mildly opisthocoelous; 1, markedly opisthocoelous.
148. Postaxial cervical pleurocoels: 0, absent; 1, one pair present; 2, two pairs present. O
149. Cervical epipophyseal shape: 0, rugosity on caudal zygapophyses; 1, powerfully developed and prong shaped. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
150. Cervical epipophyseal height and orientation: 0, directed caudolaterally and shorter than neural spine; 1, directed dorsolaterally and taller than neural spine. (HOLTZ, 1994)
151. Epipophyses on cervical vertebrae: 0, placed distally on postzygapophyses; 1, placed proximally. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
152. Caudal cervical epipophyses size: 0, short; 1, elongate. 
153. Cervical prezygapophyses: 0, planar; 1, flexed. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
154. Cervical neural spines: 0, tall; 1, low and craniocaudally short. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
155. Cervical zygapophyses direction: 0, overhang centrum parasagittally; 1, displaced laterally away from centrum in dorsal view. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
156. Caudal cervical neural arch forms X-shape in dorsal view: 0, absent; 1, present. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
157. Cranial cervicals: 0, subcircular in cranial view; 1, broader than deep on cranial surface, with reniform (kidney-shaped) articular surfaces that are taller laterally than at midline. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
158. Cranial cervical centra caudal extent: 0, level with or shorter than caudal extent of neural arch; 1, extend beyond caudal extent of neural arch. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
159. Elevation of cranial face of midcervical centra: 0, present; 1, absent. (SERENO et al., 1996)
160. Midcervical centra length: 0, around twice diameter of cranial face; 1, four times or more diameter of cranial face; 2, less than twice diameter of cranial face. UO
161. Midcervical centra breadth: 0, less than 20% broader than tall; 1, greater than 20% broader than tall. (SERENO et al., 1996)
162. Carotid process on caudal cervical vertebrae: 0, absent; 1, present. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
163. Caudal cervical postzygapophyses: 0, short; 1, elongate. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
164. Longest postaxial cervicals: 0, III-V; 1, VI-IX. (NOVAS, 1994)
165. Cervical ribs: 0, unfused to centra in adults; 1, fused to centra in adults. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
166. Ventral processes (hypapophyses) on cervicodorsal vertebrae: 0, absent; 1, present as small protrusion; 2, very well developed. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
167. Neural spines of dorsals: 0, less than or equal to centrum height; 1, equal to twice centrum height; 2, more than twice centrum height. O
168. Apices of dorsal neural spines: 0, unexpanded; 1, expanded transversely to form “spine table” . (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
169. Scars for interspinous ligaments: 0, terminate at apex of neural spine in dorsal vertebrae; 1, terminate below apex of neural spine. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
170. Dorsal transverse processes: 0, laterally directed and subrectangular in dorsal view; 1, strongly backturned caudally and triangular in dorsal view. (HOLTZ, 1994)
171. Dorsal transverse processes direction: 0, long and caudodorsally inclined; 1, short, wide and only slightly inclined. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
172. Caudal edge of dorsal postzygapophyses: 0, level with caudal intracentral articulation; 1, overhangs centrum. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
173. Vertebral foramen/cranial articular facet ratio (vertical diameters) of dorsals: 0, around 0.1-0.3 ; 1, 0.4 or greater. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
174. Dorsal hyposphene-hypantrum accessory articulations: 0, present; 1, absent. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
175. Dorsal centrum shape: 0, cylindrical, central section thickness greater than 60% height of cranial face; 1, “hourglass” shaped, central section thickness less than 60% height of cranial face. (HOLTZ, 1994)
176. Dorsal centrum transverse section: 0, subcircular or oval; 1, wider than high. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
177. Dorsal centrum ends: 0, amphiplatyan; 1, biconvex. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
178. Dorsal column: 0, much longer than femur length; 1, subequal to femur length.
179. Caudal dorsal neural spines: 0, oriented vertically or caudally; 1, oriented cranially. (HARRIS, 1998)
180. Cranial and median dorsal pleurocoels: 0, absent; 1, one pair present; 2, two pairs present. O
181. Presacral pleurocoel structure: 0, absent; 1, camerate; 2, camellate. O
182. Capitular facet of dorsal ribs: 0, lies on cranioventral lamina from transverse process; 1, situated dorsal to lamina, on prezygapophyseal base. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
183. Sacral pleurocoels: 0, absent; 1, present.
184. First sacral: 0, amphiplatyan; 1, procoelous. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
185. Number of sacrals (as determined by number of vertebrae which attach to pelvic girdle): 0, two; 1, three; 2, four; 3, five; 4, six; 5, more than six. O
186. Sacrals III-V: 0, moderately or uncompressed; 1, transversely compressed; 2, dorsoventrally flattened. UO
187. Caudalmost sacral centrum size: 0, subequal in width with cranialmost sacral centrum; 1, markedly smaller than cranialmost sacral centrum. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
188. Sacral neural spines fuse to form lamina: 0, absent; 1, present.
189. Synsacrum (fusion of sacral centra, neural arches, neural spines, transverse processes, and sacral ribs to ilia): 0, absent; 1, present in adults.
190. Number of caudals: 0, 45 or more; 1, 30-44; 2, less than 25. O (HOLTZ, 1994)
191. Caudal pleurocoels: 0, absent; 1, present in centrum; 2, present in neural arch. UO
192. Caudal neural spines: 0, present beyond caudal X; 1, limited to caudals I-IX. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
193. Ventral groove in cranial caudals: 0, absent; 1, present. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1990)
194. Centra of caudals I-V: 0, spool-shaped; 1, box-like with increased flexural capability. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
195. Proximal caudal zygapophyses: 0, short; 1, elongate.
196. Caudal transverse processes: 0, present beyond caudal XV; 1, only on caudals I-XV or fewer. (HOLTZ, 1994)
197. Transition point: 0, absent; 1, in distal half of tail; 2, in proximal half of tail; 3, in caudals I-IX. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
198. Midcaudal vertebrae: 0, short prezygapophyses, extend less than one half centrum length; 1, moderate prezygapophyses, extend more than one half but less than one centrum length; 2, extremely long prezygapophyses, extend more than one centrum length. O
199. Distal caudal vertebrae: 0, only slight interlocking, prezygapophyses extend less than one half centrum length; 1, moderately interlocking, prezygapophyses extend more than one half, but less than one, centrum length; 2, strong interlocking, non-ossified structures (cartilaginous extensions of prezygapophyses?) producing rigidity in caudals VII and distal; 3, extremely strong interlocking, bony extensions of prezygapophyses extending up to 12 centrum lengths; 4, pygostyle. UO
200. Distal caudal length: 0, as long as proximal caudals; 1, more than 130% length of proximal caudals; 2, markedly shorter than proximal caudals. UO
201. Shaft of cervical ribs: 0, moderately long (two to three times centrum length) and slender; 1, extremely long (four or more times centrum length) and slender; 2, short (less than twice centrum length) and broad; 3, short (less than twice centrum length) and slender. UO
202. Uncinate processes: 0, absent or unossified; 1, ossified.
203. Medial gastral segment: 0, longer than lateral segment; 1, shorter than lateral segment (NORELL & MAKOVICKY, 1997)
204. Chevron transition: 0, beyond caudal XVII; 1, between caudal X and XVII. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
205. Paired caudal and cranial chevron bases: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1994)
206. Bridge of bone dorsal to haemal canal in distal chevrons: 0, absent; 1, present.
207. Proximal chevron shape: 0, dorsoventrally elongate; 1, dorsoventrally depressed. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
208. Middle chevron shape: 0, gentle curvature; 1, dramatic bend in distal portion (“L-shaped”). (SERENO et al., 1994)
209. Distal chevrons with cranial and caudal projections, and more than twice as long craniocaudally as tall dorsoventrally (“boat-shaped”): 0, absent; 1, present. (HOLTZ, 1994)
210. Distal chevron cranial and caudal bifurcations: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO, 1997)
211. Scapular blade: 0, short and broad; 1, long, slender (four times or more longer then midshaft width) and strap-like. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
212. Distal expansion of scapula: 0, broad (subequal in width to proximal end of scapula); 1, reduced or absent. (CURRIE & ZHAO, 1993)
213. Acromion on scapula: 0, prominent; 1, reduced or absent.
214. Caudal margin of acromial process of scapula: 0, gentle slope; 1, abrupt change, perpendicular to blade.
215. Scapulacoracoid cranial margin: 0, smooth; 1, pronounced notch between acromial process and coracoid. (CURRIE & CARPENTER, in press)
216. Glenoid orientation: 0, caudolateral; 1, lateral. (NOVAS & PUERTA, 1997)
217. Coracoid shape: 0, craniocaudally elongate to subcircular; 1, ventral coracoidal process well developed; 2, subrectangular, dorsoventral depth more than 130% of craniocaudal width; 3, strut-like. UO (GAUTHIER, 1986)
218. Coracoid caudoventral process length: 0, less than twice glenoid diameter; 1, more than twice glenoid diameter. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
219. Coracoid biceps tubercle: 0, absent or poorly developed; 1, conspicuous and well developed. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993) 
220. Coracoid angle with scapula at level of glenoid cavity: 0, moderate; 1, sharp. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
221. Sternal plates: 0, separate; 1, fused.
222. Sternum carina: 0, absent; 1, present.
223. Sternum shape: 0, relatively round; 1, longer craniocaudally than wide mediolaterally; 2, wider mediolaterally than long craniocaudally. UO
224. Sternum size: 0, craniocaudal length similar to coracoid length; 1, much greater than coracoid length.
225. Furcula: 0, absent, clavicles unfused; 1, present.
226. Forelimb (humerus + radius + manus)/hindlimb (femur + tibia + pes) length ration: 0, less than 50%; 1, greater than 50% but less than 120%; 2, greater than 120%. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
227. Forelimb/presacral vertebral series length ratio: 0, less than 75%; 1, greater than 75% but much less than 200%; 2, about 200% or more. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
228. Manus/pes length ratio: 0, much less than 100%; 1, greater than 100%.
229. Humerus/scapula length ratio: 0, greater than 65%; 1, less than 65%. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
230. Humerus/ulna length ratio: 0, greater than 100%; 1, less than or equal to 100%.
231. Ulna/femur length ratio: 0, greater than 27%; 1, less than 27%. (SERENO et al., 1996)
232. Radius/humerus length ratio: 0, less than 75% but greater than 50%; 1, less than 50%; 2, greater than 76%. UO
233. Manus/(humerus + radius) length ratio: 0, less than 66%; 1, greater than 66%. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
234. Humeral torsion: 0, absent; 1, present. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
235. Humeral shaft: 0, straight; 1, sigmoid. (HOLTZ, 1994)
236. Humeral head: 0, low and confluent with deltapectoral and bicipital crests; 1, offset and emarginated ventrally by groove. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
237. Internal tuberosity (= ventral tubercle) on proximal end of humerus development: 0, not well differentiated; 1, well differentiated and angular. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
238. Internal tuberosity (= ventral tubercle) of humerus shape: 0, conical; 1, craniocaudally compressed and longitudinally elongate. 
239. Internal tuberosity (= ventral tubercle) of humerus direction: 0, projected ventrally; 1, projected proximally; 2, projected caudally, separated from humeral head by deep capital incision.  UO (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
240. Humeral ends: 0, little or not expanded; 1, well expanded, greater than 150% midshaft diameter. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
241. Deltapectoral crest on humerus: 0, low; 1, expanded and offset from humeral shaft. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
242. Humeral distal condyle: 0, mainly on distal aspect; 1, cranial aspect. (NOVAS, 1996)
243. Humeral entepicondyle: 0, small; 1, prominent. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
244. Ulnar facet on humerus: 0, small or absent; 1, expanded, merges with entepicondyle. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
245. Ulnar shaft: 0, straight; 1, bowed caudally. (GAUTHIER, 1986) 
246. Shape of proximal ulnar shaft: 0, straight; 1, arched.
247. Diameter of ulnar shaft: 0, equal to or slightly thicker than that or radius; 1, much thicker than that of radius.
248. Ulnar distal condyle: 0, transversely compressed and craniocaudally extended approximately at same plane of humero-ulnar flexion-extension movement; 1, subtriangular shaped in distal view, with a dorsomedial condyle, and twisted more than 54 degrees with respect to the proximal end. (NOVAS, 1996)
249. Ulnar facet for radius: 0, small and flat; 1, transversely expanded and concave. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
250. Ulnar and radial distal ends: 0, loosely joined; 1, closely joined, even with syndesmosis. (PÉREZ-MORENO, 1994)
251. Distal carpal shape: 0, cubic and well formed, with obvious articular surfaces; 1, flat and discoidal, no distinct articular surfaces. (HOLTZ, 1994)
252. Carpometacarpus: 0, absent, carpals distinct units; 1, present, carpals fused to each other and to metacarpus.
253. Distal carpal I block: 0, only overlaps base of metacarpal I; 1, does not overlap metacarpal II dorsally (does so ventrally); 2, broadly overlaps metacarpal II dorsally and ventrally. O
254. Distal carpal I: 0, unfused to distal carpal II; 1, fused to distal carpal II.
255. Semilunate carpal block fully developed with transverse trochlea: 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
256. Metacarpal V: 0, present, with digit; 1, present, without ungual; 2, present, without phalanges; 3, absent. O
257. Metacarpal IV: 0, present, with digit; 1, present, without ungual; 2, present, without phalanges; 3, absent. O
258. Metacarpal III: 0, present, with digit; 1, present, without ungual; 2, present, without phalanges; 3, absent. O
259. Metacarpal II: 0, present, with digit; 1, absent.
260. Metacarpal I size: 0, greater than one half of metacarpal II length, but less than metacarpal II length; 1, one half to one third metacarpal II length; 2, subequal to metacarpal II length. UO
261. Articular surface between metacarpals I and II: 0, placed just at proximal end of metacarpal I; 1, extends well into diaphysis of metacarpal I. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
262. Metacarpal II length: 0, much less than humerus length; 1, about 50% or greater humerus length.
263. Metacarpal III length: 0, subequal to metacarpal II; 1, clearly shorter than metacarpal II; 2, clearly longer than metacarpal II. UO (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
264. Metacarpal III width: 0, not very much narrower (greater than 50%) than metacarpal II; 1, very much narrower (less than 50%) than metacarpal II. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
265. Metacarpal III shape: 0, straight; 1, bowed laterally. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
266. Base of metacarpal III: 0, along same plane as metacarpals I and II; 1, set on palmar surface of hand below base of metacarpal II. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
267. Proximal articulation of metacarpal III: 0, subquadrilateral; 1, triangular. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
268. Metacarpal IV length: 0, more than half length of metacarpal II; 1, less than half length of metacarpal II.
269. Metacarpal-phalangeal joints: 0, hyperextensible, deep extensor pits on  metacarpals I-III; 1, not hyperextensible, extensor pits on metacarpals I-III reduced. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1994)
270. Longest digit in manus: 0, digit III; 1, digit II; 2, digit I. UO
271. Penultimate phalanx: 0, not longest of nonungual phalanges; 1, longest nonungual phalanx. (SERENO & NOVAS, 1992)
272. Length of phalanx 3 of manual digit III/(sum of lengths of phalanges 1 + 2 of digit III): 0, less than 100%; 1, greater than 100%. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
273. Pollex: 0, ends at level of mid-length of phalanx 2 of digit II; 1, ends at level of mid-length of phalanx 1 of digit II. 
274. First phalanx of pollex: 0, Less than or subequal to length of metacarpal II; 1, greater than length of metacarpal II.
275. Manual ungual, dorsal edge of articular facet: 0, relatively smooth; 1, pronounced lip on dorsal edge. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
276. Flexor tubercle of unguals: 0, well developed and proximally placed; 1, poorly developed and distally placed. (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1994)
277. Manual ungual, region palmar to ungual groove: 0, wider than region dorsal to ungual groove; 1, palmar and dorsal regions subequal in width. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
278. Pollex ungual size: 0, subequal to unguals of digits II and III in size; 1, larger than other manual unguals.
279. Pollex ungual length: 0, less than three times longer than height of articular facet; 1, greater than three times longer than height of articular facet. (SERENO et al., 1996)
280. Pollex ungual shape: 0, trenchant, dorsoventrally deep, with proximal articular surface elliptical; 1, stout and robust, dorsoventrally compressed, with proximal articular surface quadrangular. (NOVAS, 1996)
281. Manual unguals II and III: 0, smooth proximodistal surface; 1, small nubbin proximodistally. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
282. Manual ungual cross section: 0, generally oval, two to three times as deep as wide; 1, blade-like, more than three times as deep as wide; 2, subtriangular, as wide or wider than deep. UO
283. Manual ungual length: 0, moderate; 1, extremely long; 2, relatively short. UO
284. Manual ungual curvature: 0, moderate; 1, extremely curved; 2, straight. UO
285. Pelvic girdle sutures: 0, unfused in adults; 1, fused in adults. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1986)
286. Ilium shape: 0, brachyiliac; 1, dolichoiliac. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
287. Iliac blades dorsal surface: 0, do not meet along midline; 1, meet along midline. (HOLTZ, 1986)
288. Iliac preacetabular fossa for M. cuppedicus: 0, absent; 1, present. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
289. Fossa for origin of M. cuppedicus on ilium; 0, narrow or absent; 1, broad.. (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
290. Brevis fossa (for M. caudofemoralis brevis) depth: 0, absent or poorly developed; 1, pronounced. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
291. Brevis fossa distal end: 0, brevis fossa absent; 1, distal tapered; 2, broad distal end. UO (SERENO et al., 1996)
292. Preacetabular ala of ilium: 0, not greatly expanded vertically; 1, greatly expanded vertically. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
293. Preacetabular portion of ilium: 0, subequal in length to postacetabular portion; 1, significantly longer than postacetabular portion.
294. Preacetabular process of ilium: 0, cranial margin smooth; 1, cranial margin notched. (SERENO et al., 1996)
295. Median vertical ridge on external surface of ilium: 0, absent; 1, present. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
296. Caudodorsal margin of ilium: 0, gently arched; 1, curves caudoventrally. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
297. Postacetabular ala of ilium: 0, squared caudally; 1, acuminate. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
298. Postacetabular process of ilium: 0, straight caudal margin; 1, concave caudal margin.
299. Supracetabular crest on ilium: 0, present; 1, absent. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
300. Supracetabular shelf on ilium: 0, absent; 1, present. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1990)
301. Acetabular height/craniocaudal length: 0, 27-33%; 1, about 50%. (SERENO & NOVAS, 1992)
302. Ilium length: 0, clearly shorter than femur; 1, about as long as femur.
303. Prominent antitrochanter on ilium: 0, absent; 1, present.
304. Iliac-ischial articulation: 0, larger than iliac-pubic articulation; 1, smaller than iliac-pubic articulation. (SERENO et al., 1994)
305. Pubic peduncle of ilium proportions: 0, more developed mediolaterally than craniocaudally; 1, more developed craniocaudally than mediolaterally. (SERENO et al., 1994)
306. Pubic peduncle of ilium depth: 0, extends ventrally to the same level as ischiadic peduncle; 1, extends more ventrally than ischiadic peduncle. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
307. Obturator foramen of pubis: 0, present; 1, open ventrally to form obturator notch. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
308. Pubic fenestra ventral to obturator foramen: 0, absent; 1, present. (ROWE, 1989)
309. Pubis orientation: 0, propubic, shaft approximately 45 degrees from horizontal; 1, propubic, proximal portion of shaft approximately 30 degrees from horizontal; 2, vertical; 3, opisthopubic; 4, caudoventrally directed with twisted proximal region. UO
310. Pubic shaft: 0, straight; 1, marked concave curvature cranially; 2, marked convex curvature cranially. UO (MAKOVICKY & SUES, 1998)
311. Pubic apices: 0, in contact; 1, separate. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
312. Pubic blade: 0, five or less times as long as broad; 1, at least six times as long as broad.
313. Pubic apron: 0, transversely wide and proximodistally long, extending more than 50% of pubis length; 1, limited to distal half of pubis length; 2, strongly reduced transversely and restricted to distal 25% or less of pubic length.  (NOVAS, 1996)
314. Pubic foramen perforating pubic apron in distal half of pubic shaft: 0, absent; 1, present. (HARRIS, 1998) 
315. Pubic boot shape: 0, absent; 1, broad triangle, angle between shaft and caudal portion of boot obtuse; 2, rounded, angle between shaft and caudal portion of boot acute; 3, boat-shaped (pointed cranially and caudally) in ventral view and angle between shaft and caudal portion of boot acute; 4, triangular (apex caudal) in ventral view and angle between shaft and caudal portion of boot acute. UO (HOLTZ, 1994)
316. Pubic boot proportions: 0, caudal portion same length as cranial portion; 1, caudal portion longer than cranial portion, but latter present; 2, cranial portion absent. UO (GAUTHIER, 1986)
317. Pubic boot size: 0, absent; 1, less than 30% as long as pubic shaft; 2, greater than 30% as long as pubic shaft. O (SERENO et al., 1996)
318. Pubic-ischial contact: 0, dorsoventrally deep shelf; 1, only narrow region. (SERENO et al., 1994)
319. Pubis and ischium proximal shafts: 0, broad; 1, narrow. (SERENO et al., 1994)
320. Ischium/pubis length ratio: 0, greater than 75%; 1, less than 66%. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
321. Ischial antitrochanter: 0, small or absent; 1, large. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1990)
322. Obturator process shape: 0, joined to pubic articular process; 1, separate, trapezoidal; 2, separate, triangular. UO (HOLTZ, 1994)
323. Obturator process position: 0, joined to pubic articular process (“obturator flange” of CHARIG & MILNER (1997)); 1, separate, proximally placed; 2, separate, distally placed; 3, absent, caudoventral margin of ischium smooth from obturator notch to tip. O
324. Ischium obturator process or flange: 0, not perforated by foramen; 1, perforated by foramen.
325. Ischial proximodorsal process just distal to iliac process: 0, absent; 1, present. (NOVAS & PUERTA, 1997)
326. Semicircular scar on caudolateral surface of ischium, just distal to iliac process: 0, absent; 1, present. (HOLTZ, 1994)
327. Ischial foot: 0, present; 1, absent. (HOLTZ, 1994)
328. Ischiadic terminal processes: 0, in contact; 1, separate. (CHIAPPE, CLARK & NORELL, 1996)
329. Femur shape: 0, prominent sigmoid curvature (S-shaped in two planes); 1, bowed in convex arc with less pronounced sigmoidality. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
330.  Femoral head angle to shaft: 0, less than 90 degrees (head directed ventrally); 1, approximately 90 degrees (head directed horizontally); 2, greater than 90 degrees (head directed dorsally). O (HARRIS, 1998)
331. Femoral head shape: 0, bulky; 1, transversely elongate; 2, rounded. UO
332. Greater trochanter of femur position: 0, confluent with femoral head; 1, cleft from femoral head. (HOLTZ, 1994)
333. Greater trochanter of femur shape: 0, rugosity; 1, moundlike eminence. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
334. Anterior (= lesser) trochanter: 0, absent; 1, separated from femoral head by cleft; 2, nearly confluent with femoral head. UO
335. Anterior trochanter of femur shape: 0, absent; 1, conical prominence; 2, alariform; 3, cylindrical in cross-section; 4, trochanteric crest (fusion of greater and anterior trochanters). UO
336. Anterior trochanter of femur position: 0, absent; 1, proximalmost point below femoral head; 2, proximalmost point above distal margin of femoral head; 3, proximalmost point extends above proximal margin of femora head. O
337. Fourth trochanter of femur: 0, developed, alariform; 1, little developed; 2, absent. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
338. Trochanteric shelf of femur: 0, moderately developed ridge transversely directed; 1, well developed; 2, absent. UO (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
339. Muscle scar in craniodistal region of femur: 0, absent; 1, present, non-elliptical in shape; 2, elliptical in shape. UO (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
340. Medial epicondyle (= mediodistal crest): 0, absent or weakly developed; 1, pronounced, extends one quarter or more the length of the femoral shaft.
341. Extensor groove in craniodistal region of femur: 0, absent; 1, shallow and not conspicuous; 2, deep and conspicuous. O (HARRIS, 1998)
342. Groove in lateral condyle of femur: 0, absent; 1, present. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1990)
343. Adductor fossa and associated caudodistal crest of distal femur: 0, present, prominent; 1, reduced or absent. (CHIAPPE, NORELL & CLARK, 1996)
344. Ectocondylar tuber: 0, proximodistally short, proximally placed; 1, proximodistally long, pronounced, and extends almost to distal end of femur.
345. Sulcus along medial side of base of crista tibiofibularis: 0, absent; 1, present. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1990)
346. Cnemial process: 0, projects caudally; 1, arises out of the lateral surface of tibial shaft. (HOLTZ, 1994)
347. Incisura tibialis cranialis: 0, occupies less than 50% of medial surface of proximal tibia; 1, occupies more than 66% of medial surface of proximal tibia. (HARRIS, 1998)
348. Lateroproximal condyle (fibular condyle) on proximal end of tibia position: 0, large and posteriorly situated; 1, small and medially situated. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
349. Lateroproximal condyle of tibia development in proximal view: 0, bulge from main surface of tibia; 1, conspicuous waisting between body of condyle and main body of tibia.
350. Crista fibularis size: 0, absent; 1, not well developed; 2, well developed. O (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
351. Crista fibularis position: 0, absent; 1, proximal; 2, distal. UO (HOLTZ, 1994)
352. Tibia distal end: 0, not backing calcaneum; 1, expanded to back calcaneum. (SERENO et al., 1996)
353. Fibula: 0, broadly separated from tibia throughout main shaft; 1, closely appressed to tibia throughout main shaft. (HOLTZ, 1994)
354. Fibula proximal end: 0, less than 75% proximal width of tibia; 1, 75% or more proximal width of tibia. (SERENO et al., 1996)
355. Proximal region of fibular medial face: 0, flat; 1, slightly concave; 2, well excavated. O (PÉREZ-MORENO et al., 1993)
356. Sulcus in proximomedial region of fibula: 0, absent; 1, present. (SERENO et al., 1994)
357. Cranial protuberance on fibula below expansion: 0, absent; 1, present. (HOLTZ, 1994)
358. Fibular tubercle for M. iliofibularis (= “anterolateral process”): 0, craniolaterally projecting; 1, laterally projecting. (NOVAS, 1996)
359. Anterior surface of distal fibula: 0, does not overlap ascending process of astragalus cranially; 1, overlaps ascending process of astragalus cranially. (ROWE & GAUTHIER, 1990)
360. Fibular distal end: 0, greater than twice craniocaudal width at midshaft; 1, less than twice craniocaudal width at midshaft, and consequently astragalar cup for fibula reduced; 2, pinches out less than half-way down tibia length. O
361. Fibular fusion with distal tibia: 0, absent; 1, present.
362. Astragalar ascending process: 0, not reduced in horizontal dimension, proximodistally very low (“ceratosauroid condition”); 1, mediolaterally reduced, craniocaudally wide and proximodistally low (“allosauroid condition”); 2, craniocadually reduced and proximodistally tall, with dorsal margin sigmoid (“ornithomimoid/albertosauroid condition”). O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
363. Round external fossa at base of ascending process of astragalus: 0, absent; 1, present. (HOLTZ, 1994)
364. Astragalar distal condyles: 0, oriented ventrally; 1, oriented cranioventrally. (SERENO et al., 1996)
365. Pronounced horizontal groove across cranial face of astragalar condyles: 0, absent; 1, present. (HOLTZ, 1994)
366. Astragalocalcaneum: 0, absent, astragalus and calcaneum separate; 1, present, astragalus fused to calcaneum.
367. Medial tuber on calcaneum: 0, small; 1, enlarged. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
368. Tibiotarsus: 0, absent, proximal tarsals unfused with tibia; 1, present, astragalocalcaneum fused to tibia.
369. Metatarsus proportions: 0, moderate; 1, elongate relative to most other theropods of same femur length; 2, shortened relative to most other theropods of same femur length. UO (HOLTZ, 1994)
370. Metatarsal ossification: 0, proximally separate; 1, co-ossified proximally; 2, co-ossified throughout shaft. UO
371. Metatarsal cross-sectional proportions: 0, subequal or wider mediolaterally than craniocaudally at midshaft; 1, deeper craniocaudally than mediolaterally at midshaft. (HOLTZ, 1994)
372. Metatarsal V: 0, not reduced; 1, vestigial or absent. (GAUTHIER, 1986)
373. Metatarsals II and IV: 0, separated at midshaft on plantar surface by metatarsal III; 1, contact at midshaft on the plantar surface. (HOLTZ, 1994)
374. Metatarsal IV size: 0, subequal in length to metatarsal II; 1, longer than metatarsal II and closer to metatarsal III in length. (HOLTZ, 1994)
375. Metatarsal III dorsal surface area: 0, similar in size to metatarsals II and IV; 1, clearly larger than metatarsals II and IV; 2, clearly smaller than metatarsals II and IV. UO (GAUTHIER, 1986)
376. Metatarsal III dorsal surface shape: 0, elliptical end; 1, hourglass shaped; 2, dumbbell shaped (cranial and (especially) plantar surfaces expanded to slightly overlap surfaces of metatarsals II and IV); 3, dorsal surface not exposed. UO
377. Arctometatarsus: 0, absent; 1, present; 2, present, with “proximal shaft” of metatarsal III complete pinched out above distal wedge. O (HOLTZ, 1994)
378. Metatarsal I length: 0, not reduced; 1, reduced but retains phalanges; 2, absent. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
379. Metatarsal I vertical position: 0, contacts distal tarsals; 1, placed near midpoint of metatarsal II shaft; 2, placed at distal end of metatarsal II. O (GAUTHIER, 1986)
380. Metatarsal I horizontal position: 0, along plane with metatarsals II-IV; 1, plantar to medial side of metatarsal II; 2, completely reverted. O
381. Pedal digits II and IV: 0, subequal in length and shorter than digit III; 1, digit IV larger than II and closer to III in length; 2, digit II longer than IV and closer to III in length. UO (GAUTHIER, 1986)
382. Pedal digit I phalanges 1+2: 0, longer than pedal digit III phalanx 1; 1, subequal to pedal digit III phalanx 1. (SERENO et al., 1996)
383. Pedal digit II: 0, not hyperextensible; 1, hyperextensible. (HOLTZ, 1994)
384. Pedal unguals III and IV cross-section: 0, subtriangular; 1, vertically oval in cross-section. (RUSSELL & DONG, 1993a)
385. Pedal ungual II: 0, same shape as other pedal unguals; 1, sickle-shaped (blade-like cross-section and highly recurved). (HOLTZ, 1994)
386.  Pedal ungual II size: 0, subequal to pedal ungual III; 1, significantly longer than pedal ungual III. (HOLTZ, 1994)

APPENDIX II
Data matrix used for phylogenetic analysis.  Scoring: 0 = primitive state; 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 = derived character states; ? = data missing due to lack of knowledge of the particular anatomical region of that taxon or equivocal due to evolutionary transformation of taxon (e.g., dental characters in edentulous theropods; proportions between manual digits III and II or I in didactyl theropods).
MATRIX
Outgroup	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	0
Abelisaurus	00011	00001	00002	10000	00010	30101	20002	11?00	12111	01001	01110	00?0?	010?0	11101	00???	?????	?011?	?00??	?????	00000	001??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Acrocanthosaurus	00010	00000 	00110	11000	10110	20011	20210	10?00	10011	01001	0011?	01002	10020	02011	????1	11100	10100	02000	00000	010?0	00100	00001	11001	21101	?0100	00000	01100	01110	00000	11110	 01001	00012	00010	02010	01000	00111	20103	0000?	10000	02000	00??1	?0100	11011	010?0	?????	00010	00111	10001	10000	00000	00111	33001	10110	11101	10010	00100	00000	101?1	10000	00000	10011	01000	01014	12110	01100	00012	21012	20220	20010	10012	11102	00001	01011	00000	01000	10110	??0?0	?
Afrovenator	0????	?????	00120	11000	00?1?	????1	20111	0????	???11	00100	00010	00102	10??0	01000	00???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	??000	0?1??	0??10	0????	1?100	0?001	0?002	00010	?0000	000?0	00?0?	?0???	???0?	00???	0200?	00?01	?0000	?????	?????	?????	?????	???11	0???1	0000?	?????	00111	??001	1????	???0?	1??00	00000	00000	10001	100?0	00000	10010	0??00	01002	01110	01100	00011	20012	10220	20010	?????	?11??	???01	01011	00000	0?000	10110	??000	0
Allosaurus	00210	00001	00110	21000	10110	20011	10(12)10	00100	00011	01000	00010	01002	10020	02011	00101	11000	10100	02000	00000	11011	00100	00001	11001	21101	00100	00000	01100	01110	00000	11110	01001	00002	00010	10000	00001	00111	20003	00000	00001	02010	00001	00100	10011	01010	????1	00010	00111	00001	00000	00000	00111	33001	10010	11101	10010	001(01)0	00000	10101	10000	00000	10011	01000	01014	12110	01100	00012	11012	20220	20010	10012	11102	00001	01011	00000	01000	10110	01000	0
Alvarezsauridae	20??0	1?101	00000	01000	00000	00001	01000	00?00	00000	00?00	1000?	00010	00??1	01002	?1???	20???	?100?	?1?01	11000	00000	11000	00101	10???	0?00?	??11?	?02?0	1011?	1???1	1????	1(01)(01)00	10(01)11	001(01)0	(01)1110	(12)0100	011(01)0	01100	00013	(01)00(01)2	010(01)0	1300(01)	???11	001(01)0	11100	0110(01)	1111?	00010	11100	11011	11100	1(01)1(01)0	01211	3331?	?????	???02	1??10	10111	?21(02)0	10001	10(01)00	1(01)1(01)0	101(01)0	(01)1030	(01)120(03)	(01)(01)110	0?300	01112	(12)11(12)(24)	3(01)200	10110	11111	21110	0010(12)	(01)2010	(01)0(01)00	(01)?(01)(01)2	(03)(02)121	(01)0000	(01)
Archaeopteryx	20000	10101	00001	11000	00000	00001	01010	01?00	00000	00000	10001	00100	00110	00002	10110	20101	?2000	11?01	11000	000?0	11000	00001	10?01	01100	10111	002?0	10100	0???1	1????	10100	10111	0?100	?1110	00000	11??0	0?101	?0??3	?0002	01010	13021	00111	?1110	11000	12111	10001	12(01)01	02111	11101	10101	10010	00211	33001	11011	1?111	11100	00000	01010	10101	10100	11110	1011?	110(23)0	01203	21111	02301	01112	?1122	32220	101?0	11??2	2111?	?0001	02010	00001	01000	?0122	10100	0
Bagaraatan	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???00	0000?	?0?1?	1????	?0100	??00?	0??00	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	00001	?2000	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	1???1	1????	00000	1?011	01000	??00?	??11?	0????	????2	21114	2?200	00011	00011	11112	01101	12010	1?1??	?????	?????	?????	?
Caenagnathidae	?????	?????	?100?	00000	0000?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?1??0	??1??	??00?	12011	?0000	00002	00110	11000	00000	0100?	11110	?????	?????	0????	?????	10200	?0?11	11?00	001?0	?0000	10001	?0??1	20104	2110?	2???0	?0002	20???	?????	?????	01010	?????	??0??	?????	?????	?????	?????	???1?	33000	1?111	1?101	10011	00000	11000	10111	111?0	11110	10011	01001	01103	01111	02100	01011	11113	32220	00010	11011	11???	?????	02?10	0101(01)	11002	31111	0?010	?
Carcharodontosaurus	0????	???01	00112	20000	00010	30011	2011?	11?00	12011	01001	0111?	??100	1????	?????	?0???	?????	?0100	00100	00000	01000	001??	?????	?????	?????	?????	??001	0?1?0	?????	?????	?0110	01000	01?12	100?0	??000	00001	00?11	?0???	?????	1??0?	?????	00??1	00???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	101?1	10000	00000	10011	01000	01???	?211?	0?100	0??12	20012	20220	20010	10011	11?0?	???01	0????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Carnotaurus	00011	00000	00002	10000	00010	30001	20002	01?00	12011	00001	00110	00100	010?0	11101	00???	?????	?011?	0000?	?????	00000	00100	00001	10000	10000	00000	00000	00000	01100	00010	01211	01000	00002	10010	00001	00000	10002	?0005	1011?	00?00	0?0??	10??0	00???	11100	00010	00000	00?10	11010	01000	00000	00010	00000	31000	00000	0001?	?????	?????	????1	10001	20000	00001	11010	00000	01002	01010	10000	00011	00012	11111	01011	0000?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Ceratosaurus	00111	00101	00000	(03)0000	11010	10001	10100	00000	00011	00000	00010	00102	01000	(01)1111	00100	0?0?0	00110	00000	00000	00000	01100	00001	10000	11000	00100	00000	01000	01100	00010	11211	01000	00102	00110	01001	00000	00002	20005	10010	00100	01000	?0?00	00000	00000	00010	?????	???0?	???00	00001	00000	00000	?????	31000	0?000	0000?	?????	?????	????1	10001	20000	00001	11000	00012	01002	01010	10000	00010	10011	11111	01001	00000	00001	11010	00000	10000	0?001	20???	????0	?
Coelophysidae	00000	00001	10000	(03)0000	00010	(02)(01)001	(02)0000	00000	00010	00000	00000	00000	00010	01000	00100	00000	10000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	10000	01000	00000	(01)(01)000	00000	11100	01101	10200	11010	00001	00011	00001	00000	00002	10003	00(01)10	00100	01001	10000	00000	00000	0001?	????0	00000	00011	00000	00000	00000	001(01)0	31000	00000	00001	10000	00000	00001	10001	20000	00001	10000	00111	01000	00010	10000	00010	(01)0001	101(01)1	01001	00000	00000	10010	(01)0000	10(01)01	01001	20110	00000	0
Coelurus	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	??000	0????	?????	?????	?1100	10011	00001	000?1	?0000	00000	00?01	20???	2??0?	0?000	???00	?????	?????	1????	?????	?????	???00	0??11	01001	10001	00000	00111	31001	11110	11101	11??0	01???	01010	?????	?????	?????	?????	?1010	01013	1211?	?????	???1?	???12	102??	?????	?????	?11??	????1	0????	??010	1?0??	?0???	?????	?
Compsognathidae	001?0	0?101	00001	11000	0000?	00001	00010	01?00	00000	00000	0000?	?0?11	?00??	0?012	?0???	?????	??00?	?0???	?????	??0??	0??00	00001	10011	0110?	?0100	00000	00100	0???0	00000	?1110	01?01	0?100	??010	001?0	11??0	0?000	?0??3	????0	01?01	12000	00101	?0110	11001	01010	?????	00000	00010	00000	00000	00000	?0?1?	33001	10110	1?102	1?010	0?100	0?020	1010?	?0100	00100	1001?	01000	01??3	21111	02100	0001?	???12	302?0	?????	?????	?111?	?0001	02?1?	0?000	0100?	?0111	11000	1
Dilophosaurus	00000	00001	10000	10000	00010	21001	20000	00000	00011	00000	00010	01100	00010	02010	00???	??0??	?000?	00000	00000	00000	00000	00001	10001	01100	00000	01000	00100	01100	01101	00200	11000	00000	00010	00001	00000	00002	10002	00000	00?00	01000	?0?00	00000	00000	00010	?????	00000	00011	00000	00000	00000	00?10	31000	00000	00001	10000	00100	00000	10001	20000	00001	10000	00110	01000	00010	10000	00010	10001	10101	01001	00001	00000	?0010	00000	00000	01001	00110	2?000	0
Dromaeosauridae	00010	00000	00001	11000	00000	000(01)1	01(01)10	0(01)100	01000	00000	00000	00102	10120	00111	01100	11101	21001	11001	10(01)(01)0	00001	00100	00001	10111	11111	00101	00010	(01)1101	01111	00010	10110	11101	01002	11010	10110	01000	00001	10103	20101	01011	13330	01111	01111	11100	02010	00001	11000	02111	11101	10101	00010	00211	33001	11111	11101	11000	01100	11010	10(01)(01)1	1(01)010	11110	10011	11030	01103	(12)1111	02200	01011	11122	3(12)220	10100	11112	21112	00001	02010	00020	01011	00110	10101	1
Dryptosaurus	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???0?	??0??	?0???	?????	?????	?0000	0??00	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	0????	?200?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???11	00001	?000?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	00?10	?0100	?????	?????	?????	?????	?1001	0110?	??11?	???00	0??12	20012	?1220	10010	11011	21112	000??	02010	00000	0?0??	?0???	?????	?
Elaphrosaurus	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	1????	?????	?0210	01010	00001	0?011	00001	01000	00002	?0004	00010	00?00	01110	???00	00???	?????	?????	?????	?????	???00	00000	0000?	?????	?????	?1???	0????	???0?	?????	?????	????1	10001	20000	00001	10100	0??1?	?????	??01?	10000	00010	00001	20121	01011	00002	10?0?	?00??	00000	1?010	0???1	20???	??0??	?
Eustreptospondylus	00000	000?1	00120	10000	01???	????1	00011	0??00	000??	?0100	00010	00?00	????0	0?1??	00???	?????	?0000	??000	?0000	00000	0?000	00001	10???	?????	0????	00000	0?100	0??0?	?0000	?1110	01000	00002	??010	00000	00000	00001	?00??	00000	0??00	????0	?????	?????	1100?	?????	?????	???0?	?0?10	00001	0000?	????0	?????	?????	?????	???0?	?????	?????	????0	10?01	1???0	00000	1?010	00?0?	010?2	0101?	???0?	???11	20012	10210	10010	10002	11100	00001	01010	00000	0?000	10???	??00?	?
Gasosaurus	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?????	?0??0	??000	?0???	?00?3	0?00?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???10	?0001	?0?0?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10101	10000	00000	10011	00000	010?3	11010	01100	00012	21012	2022?	2????	??000	0101?	00001	0????	???00	0?0?0	?0???	?????	?
Giganotosaurus	00011	00110	00112	?????	00110	300?1	20210	1????	???11	01001	01110	000??	?10?0	02111	00???	?????	?0100	?0100	?0000	??0??	00001	00001	?????	?????	?????	00001	01100	0????	?????	?1110	01001	0?0??	0?0??	?00?0	00000	001??	?0?03	??000	?0???	02000	?0?01	??1??	1100?	0????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10101	10000	00000	11011	01000	01014	12110	01100	00012	20012	20220	20010	10??2	1110?	???01	0101?	0?0??	?????	?????	?????	?
Megalosaurus bucklandi	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???00	000??	?000?	?????	?????	00000	0??00	0????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	??003	0000?	?????	?????	?????	?????	11000	00010	?????	0??00	???10	00??1	000?0	00010	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	10101	10000	00000	??011	0???0	??0??	?????	00000	00011	01012	10210	20010	10011	11???	?????	?????	???00	0?0?0	10???	???0?	?
Microvenator	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???10	0111?	?2???	??0??	?????	?????	?????	????1	10000	11210	11111	11?00	0?1?0	10000	11000	10?01	20???	?1?0?	0????	???02	?????	?????	?????	?101?	?????	????0	02?11	10001	00111	00010	?????	?????	1????	???0?	????1	01???	?1010	??11?	???0?	???10	1?011	01001	01103	0111?	?????	???12	21113	32220	10010	11011	11112	0010?	02010	0?0??	?????	?????	?????	?
Monolophosaurus	00000	10001	00120	10000	00111	10111	20010	01?00	00011	00010	00010	01102	10020	00001	00??1	1????	?0100	?0000	0????	110?1	00000	00001	10100	01001	00100	00000	0?100	0???0 	0????	11110	01001	00002	00010	10010	00000	00?01	10003	0000?	0?001	?????	00???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	10101	10000	00000	1?011	00002	010?2	01010	00010	000??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Neovenator	00210	00101	00120	?????	?011?	??0??	?????	??1??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?2???	?????	?????	???00	0000?	?0???	?????	?????	00000	0?100	0????	?????	?11??	?????	0??0?	?????	?0000	00???	0?1??	??0??	?0?0?	?0?0?	?2?10	???0?	?01??	10011	0???0	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10101	1????	000??	11?11	01000	010?4	12110	01100	00012	20012	20220	2??10	?????	?????	?????	?????	??000	?????	?0???	??000	?
Ornitholestes	00010	0?000	00121	11000	00000	10001	00010	00??0	0?000	00000	0000?	01101	00020	0?012	001??	???0?	210??	?0???	?????	??0?0	00000	00101	10001	1100?	?0100	00000	01100	0????	?????	?0110	01101	0?000	000?0	?0010	00000	00001	20003	00001	0?000	12010	???01	?0110	?????	?????	?????	110?0	02111	00001	00101	000?0	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10101	10000	10000	10011	01000	010??	??110	02100	01012	21112	31221	10010	?????	??1?1	?????	?????	???00	0?001	10???	??000	1
Ornithomimidae	11?10	11200	01001	11110	00001	00001	010(01)0	00?10	00000	10000	00001	01101	00020	01002	1110?	10101	(01)1001	10101	00111	00100	10010	01101	10001	01101	10100	?????	?????	11110	10000	10110	01111	01100	00111	00000	00000	00001	2100(34)	20101	00000	12110	30001	10110	11100	01010	?????	11000	00010	00000	00000	00001	10110	3300(12)	10000	11111	11010	110(01)1	02(01)(02)0	11111	10010	00000	10011	01000	01103	01110	02100	10012	21112	31220	20010	11112	11112	01001	02(01)10	00010	11102	01(12)??	00000	0
Ornithothoraces	20000	11101	00001	11000	00000	00001	00200	01?00	00000	00000	10001	00110	00111	00002	11110	201??	?2000	11101	11000	00000	11000	00001	10001	01100	10101	00200	101(01)2	01110	10010	10100	11111	01100	01111	20000	10110	01101	2011(345)	10112	01010	13040	0(01)?11	01110	11000	13111	11111	22101	02011	11111	11101	11110	01211	331(01)1	11011	11111	0?100	01?00	110(01)1	10(01)00	00100	11110	10111	11030	(01)120(03)	2(01)11(01)	0?301	01112	21124	32220	10110	11011	21110	00102	02010	10102	01000	00122	10(01)10	0
Oviraptoridae	01?11	11000	01001	11000	000(01)0	(01)0010	01210	01?01	01(01)00	00000	000(01)0	00100	00020	01002	11110	10111	01000	12001	?0000	00002	00010	11010	02000	0100?	11110	?????	?????	0??10	10000	10200	11111	11100	00010	00000	11000	10101	20104	2?101	20000	00002	20?01	00000	11000	01010	(01)1001	11000	02111	00001	10111	00010	00211	33001	11(02)11	1110(12)	1(01)011	01100	11010	10111	11100	11110	10011	01001	01103	01111	02200	01012	21113	32220	10010	11011	11112	00101	02010	01000	01010	10121	1?010	0
Pelecanimimus	103?0	1?200	00001	11110	0000?	00001	01010	00???	??000	10??0	0000?	0?1??	00???	??002	?????	?????	?10??	?0?0?	?????	??1??	1??00	0?0?1	10??1	0110?	??100	112?0	121?2	1??1?	10001	??100	01111	0?100	0?110	00??0	????0	?0??1	?????	?????	?????	?????	30???	?????	1?100	01010	00?0?	?1??0	?2110	00000	?0000	00001	10110	33002	10000	11111	11010	11001	0222?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Piatnitzkysaurus	0????	?????	00120	10000	01???	?????	?????	??0?0	00???	?????	?????	????? 	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?0??0	00000	?0???	100?0	00001	0000?	?????	?????	?????	?0000	0??00	0??10	00000	11110	01101	01000	10010	00000	00000	00001	10003	?0???	0????	?????	?????	?????	10001	00010	?????	00?00	00?11	00001	01000	0?010	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	1000?	?00?1	0?000	1001?	00000	010?2	01010	00000	00011	00012	2?210	100?0	?0001	11??1	0????	0????	??000	0?000	10???	?????	?
Proceratosaurus	00010	00000	00121	21000	00???	1????	???1?	0????	???10	0?00?	0?0??	?1100	00020	01002	?0?0?	?????	?????	???0?	?????	?????	?0000	0000?	?00??	0?0??	??1?0	00000	01100	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Rahonavis	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????? 	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	0????	??1??	100?0	01100	00001	2?0?4	00102	01011	13021	???11	?1210	11000	1????	?????	?????	0????	?????	????1	11?10 	?????	????? 	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10101	10100	11100	10011	11020	01103	21111	02201	01112	21124	212??	1????	111?2	21110	?0?02	02010	00000	01000	00122	?11?1	?
Scipionyx	?00?0	0?000	00001	11000	0001?	00001	000?0	00??0	0??00	10?00	0001?	0?100	000?0	0?002	?????	?????	??0?0	?0???	?????	??0?0	0??00	0?001	10??1	?100?	???0?	00000	0?100	0??10	0????	???00	01111	0?00?	??010	000?0	00??0	??00?	????3	??00?	???00	?????	?0???	?0???	11000	01010	00?01	?1?00	02110	0??01	000?0	00?00	00111	33001	10110	1?1?1	11010	0?100	0?000	10?01	????0	00000	100??	01000	0???3	21?10	0??0?	?001?	???12	212??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Sinraptor	00010	00010	00000	1(01)001	10110	20011	(12)0210	10100	00011	01000	00010	1?102	11020	02011	00101	11100	10100	00000	00000	01011	00000	00001	10100	21101	00100	00000	01100	011?0	00000	11100	01001	00002	00110	11010	00001	00011	20003	0000?	0?00?	?????	0????	?????	11001	0????	112??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	3200?	1?010	1110?	????0	00???	00000	10101	10000	00000	10011	01000	01014	11010	01100	00011	20012	20220	20010	10002	11102	01001	01111	00000	01000	10110	?1000	0
Spinosauridae	00320	01001	00120	10000	00000	10101	00011	0010?	00001	0???0	?????	?????	????0	00000	011??	?????	?0100	00000	?????	00000	00100	00001	10?0?	111?0	0????	01200	00110	01100	00000	01100	01000	00012	10010	1(02)010	0000(01)	10001	?0???	?????	0?000	????0	2???0	00???	11001	01010	11?0?	00000	11?00	01001	10101	00000	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	00110	00100	10?01	1???0	00000	10011	0??00	01000	??00?	00000	000?0	100??	??210	20010	?????	?1??0	000??	010??	000??	?????	?????	?????	?
Therizinosauroidea	11?10	11001	00001	00000	00000	00000	00000	00101	00000	00000	0000?	00101	10020	00012	01110	00?11	?100?	10111	?0000	00002	00100	01101	10001	01100	10100	11100	1?100	1????	?????	?0200	?1111	00?00	10010	?0010	0?000	00000	?1?03	??002	00?01	10002	20?01	00000	11000	01010	?????	10000	00(01)00	?1101	10110	000?0	00201	33001	10110	11101	1?0?(01)	011(01)0	11(01)(02)(01)	101?1	11101	11010	10000	11030	011?3	01110	02200	0(01)012	21113	32220	10010	11111	11112	00000	02010	01020	01010	00000	00010	1
Torvosaurus	00100	000?1	00120	00000	010??	????1	20011	0????	???11	00100	0001?	??000	1?02?	01?0?	00???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???00	000??	?0???	?????	?????	??000	0??00	01100	00000	01110	01000	00002	00010	00000	00000	00?01	10103	0000?	10000	0?000	???01	00?00	10101	00000	?????	?00?1	?0?10	10001	10100	00010	?????	??000	10100	00?0?	????0	00?10	?0100	10001	10000	00000	11011	00000	00002	01000	000(01)0	00011	20012	20220	10010	00001	11101	00001	00001	00000	0?000	10???	?????	?
Troodontidae	10010	0?101	00001	(12)1100	00001	00001	01010	01?10	00100	10000	00010	0010?	00020	00002	1110?	??101	21000	10111	11111	00100	11100	0(01)001	10?1?	0111?	?0100	11110	12112	01111	00000	10100	11111	01100	01111	10110	01000	00001	20004	20001	01010	13101	30111	10111	11000	01010	????1	01000	00111	10001	10001	000?0	00211	33001	10(01)00	11101	11000	01000	01010	111?1	10000	11(01)00	10011	01000	011?0	00111	02200	01012	21112	3?220	10010	11011	1111?	0??01	02110	10010	11112	(03)1121	11111	1
Tyrannosauridae	00010	01100	00001	(12)1000	00001	40101	10(12)10	01110	01111	0100(01)	00(01)11	01101	10020	0000(02)	11100	10101	21100	10001	10001	00000	01100	00001	1(01)111	(12)1101	00100	00000	02100	01110	00000	10100	01101	00002	00010	10110	00000	00101	2010(34)	(01)0101	00001	12110	00001	10110	11000	01010	00201	00000	11110	00000	00000	00010	(01)0111	33201	10110	11101	1?010	01000	02220	11101	10011	00000	11011	01000	01103	02110	02100	11012	21112	30220	20010	11012	11112	01001	02110	00010	11102	(03)1121	00000	0
Yangchuanosaurus	00010	0?010	00000	11001	1011?	20011	20110	00???	???11	01?00	0001?	10102	00020	0?011	?????	?????	?01??	?0???	?????	?????	0??00	00001	10100	20001	?0100	00000	01100	01110	00000	11110	01001	00002	??010	?10?0	00001	0001?	?0003	0000?	00000	0????	00?01	?0???	????1	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10101	10000	00000	10011	00000	01014	11010	01010	00011	?0012	20220	200??	1???2	1110?	?1001	01011	000??	?????	?????	?????	?
Deltadromeus	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	0????	?201?	????1	??110	????0	01010	?????	?????	?????	1????	1?0??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	?????	?????	???0?	???12	???12	21220	10010	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?
"Megalosaurus" hesperis	00000	00???	00110	10000	0?00?	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?0???	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	???00	000??	??00?	?????	?????	00000	0??00	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Unenlagia	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?10?0	10?00	00?01	?0??4	???0?	?????	?????	????1	01???	11000	1????	?????	???0?	???11	11111	1?1??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	????0	10110	00101	11100	10111	11020	01103	22111	02201	0111?	?1112	322??	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?????	?
Herrerasauridae	00010	00000	00002	00000	00000	00000	00000	?0000	00000	00000	00000	01100	00000	01001	00?00	0?000	?000?	00000	?????	00000	01000	00000	10000	0100?	?0000	00000	00000	00100	00001	00000	01000	00000	00000	00110	00001	00000	00000	00000	00000	01010	00000	?0000	11100	00000	?????	00000	02000	00000	00000	00000	00000	21000	00200	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00110	00040	000?1	02000	00000	01000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00010	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	?0000	0
Prosauropoda	00(24)00	01(01)01	00000	00000	00010	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	01102	01000	00010	00000	00000	00000	00000	01000	01(01)00	00000	01000	00010	10100	(01)0000	(01)0000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00010	00000	0000(01)	00000	00001	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	0000(01)	00000	00000	00(01)00	0(01)000	00000	10100	00010	00000	11000	00000	00001	10000	00100	00000	00000	00000	00000	10000	000(01)0	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00000	00020	00000	00000	(01)0000	0