GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History
Test II Review

Life on Land before the Dinosaurs:
	What factors do terrestrial animals have to deal with that aquatic ones don’t?
	How do tetrapods deal with these factors?
	What are the relationships within (and main syanapomorphies of) Tetrapoda, Amniota, etc.
	The Amniote Radiations:
		5th	Cenozoic Era			Mammals
		4th	latest Triassic-end of Cretaceous	Dinosaurs
		3rd	Middle and Late Triassic		Pseudosuchians
		2nd	Late Permian – Early Triassic	Therapsids
		1st	Early Permian			Basal Synapsids
	What adaptations let each of the first four radiations be successful?

Dinosaur Origins
	What the main synapomorphies for Archosauria, Ornithodira, Dinosauriformes, Dinosauria
	What is the definition of Dinosauria?

Dinosaur Phylogeny
	Be familiar with the relationships and some of the main synapomorphies of the major dinosaur clades (in bold and with “*” below):

Dinosauria *
	Saurischia *
		Sauropodomorpha *
			Prosauropoda *
			Sauropoda *
				Euhelopodidae 
				Neosauropoda *
					Diplodocoidea *
					Macronaria *
		Theropoda *
			Herrerasauridae
			Neotheropoda *
				Ceratosauria *
					Coelophysoidea *
					Neoceratosauria *
				Tetanurae *
					“megalosaurs” (including Spinosauridae *)
					Avetheropoda *
						Carnosauria *
						Coelurosauria *
							Compsognathidae
							Maniraptoriformes
								Arctometatarsalia *
									Tyrannosauridae *
									Ornithomimosauria *
								Maniraptora *
									Oviraptorosauria *
									Therizinosauroidea *
									Troodontidae *
									Eumaniraptora *
Dromaeosauridae *
										Avialae *
	Ornithischia *
		Thyreophora *
			Scutellosaurus
			Scelidosaurus
			Stegosauria *
			Ankylosauria *
				Nodosauridae
				Ankylosauridae
					Ankylosaurinae *
		Ornithopoda *
			Heterodontosauridae
			Euornithopoda
				Hypsilophodontia
				Iguanodontia *
					Primitive iguanodontians
					Hadrosauriformes *
						Hadrosauridae *
							Hadrosaurinae *
							Lambeosaurinae *
		Marginocephalia *
			Pachycephalosauria *
			Ceratopsia *
				Psittacosaurus
				Neoceratopsia *
					Primitive neoceratopsians
					Ceratopsidae *
						Centrosaurinae *
						Ceratopsinae *

Bird Origins
Aves, avian, Avialae
Main synapomorphies of birds among living tetrapods
Synsacrum, Pygostyle, Carpometacarpus, Tarsometatarsus
Discovery of Archaeopteryx lithographica
Bird origin theories of Huxley & Marsh; Heilmann; Ostrom
Position of birds within Dinosauria, Saurischia, Theropoda, Neotheropoda, Tetanurae, Avetheropoda, Coelurosauria, Maniraptoriformes, Maniraptora, Eumaniraptora
Features of modern birds that evolved AFTER Archaeopteryx
Models of flight origin: “ground up” vs. “trees down”
Distribution of feathers among theropod dinosaurs

Dinosaur History
Know the major dinosaur-bearing formations of western North America, the dinosaur communities they represent, and some of their equivalents:
Community			Age		west NAm		Other
Coelurosaur-Hadrosaur-
Marginocephlian-Ankylosaur 	late LK		Montana Group
				early LK		Moreno Hills Fm.

Abelisaur-Titanosaur		LK		--none--			throughout Gondwana

Spinosaur-Carnosaur-Titanosaur	lEK-eLK	--none--			Argentina, north Africa

Carnosaur-Iguanodontian-
Ankylosaur			late EK		Cloverly Fm.		Arundel Fm. (MD)
				early EK		Lakota Fm.		Wealden Group (Europe)

Carnosaur-Sauropod-Stegosaur	LJ		Morrison Fm.		Tendaguru Fm. (eastern Africa)

				MJ		--none--	

Coelophysoid-Prosauropod	EJ		Kayenta Fm.		Newark Supergroup (eastern 
seaboard of N. Am.)
				LTr		Chinle Fm.

Basal Dinosaur			M-LTr		--none--			Ischigualasto Fm. (Argentina)

Birth of the Atlantic in Early J
Asiamerica vs. Gondwana in the Late K

Origin and significance of Angiospermae